Love and Lust in the Lyrics (Shakespeares Sonnets) Essay Example

Love and Lust in the Lyrics (Shakespeares Sonnets) Paper A work is a sonnet of fourteen lines that rhyme in a specific example. William Shakespeare’s works were the main non-sensational verse that he composed. Shakespeare utilized pieces inside a portion of his plays, however his works are most popular as a progression of one hundred and fifty-four sonnets. The arrangement of one hundred and fifty-four sonnets recount to an anecdote about a youthful blue-blood and a puzzling paramour. Numerous individuals have broke down and considered about the criticalness of these â€Å"lovers†. After investigation of the substance of both the â€Å"young man† works and the â€Å"dark woman sonnets†, unmistakably the writer, Shakespeare, has an incredible love for the youngster and just yearns for his special lady. So as to completely comprehend the profundity of feeling that Shakespeare (in the future the artist) felt for the youngster of his poems, one must be acquainted with the story line of the principal sub-succession of the works. While investigating the substance and profundity of the poet’s love, the vague idea of the poet’s relationship with the youngster ought to likewise be thought of. We will compose a custom article test on Love and Lust in the Lyrics (Shakespeares Sonnets) explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Love and Lust in the Lyrics (Shakespeares Sonnets) explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Love and Lust in the Lyrics (Shakespeares Sonnets) explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Works 1-126 are routed to a notable youngster: prompting him, lauding him, and annoying him. The initial nineteen pieces rehash a similar message. They urge the youngster to settle down and have kids. Since his energetic excellence won't keep going forever, the artist asks the man to reproduce with the goal that the youthful man’s unequaled magnificence can live on in his youngsters. A large number of the early pieces sing the endorsement of the youngster and express the poet’s love and imitating for him. Shakespeare utilized love with regards to a profound fellowship, as read in the initial four lines of poem 26: Lord of my affection, to whom in vassalage Thy merit hath my obligation emphatically weave, To thee I send this composed ambassage To observe obligation, not to show my mind; (see supplement P for entire piece) The escort at that point entices the poet’s companion and after he battles for her with the youngster, the writer surrenders her to the ruler. In poem 42 (see reference section A) the writer admits his supposed love for his fancy woman, be that as it may, he despite everything lets her flee with his companion. This activity offers two conversation starters to the peruser. On the off chance that he adored her so much, for what reason did he let her go? How profound was his affection for the youngster, that he let him have his fancy woman? Looking at what kind of relationship the artist has with the youngster responds to the two inquiries. Mediators regarding the matter of the poet’s sexuality can be partitioned into two gatherings. There are the rare sorts of people who find sexual fascination uncovered toward the companion. At that point there are simply the numerous that console and perusers that such a fascination is a long way from insisted. With the end goal of this article, an attention on the minority perspective will be analyzed. Piece 20 (see index B) shows only one case of sexual meaning that is available all through the poems of the main sub-succession. Poem 75 (see informative supplement C) is especially thick with sexual allusion. Here, in the first place, is the third quatrain: Sometime all full with devouring your sight, And eventually clean starved for a look; Possessing or seeking after no pleasure Save what is had, or should from you be took. Here Shakespeare makes â€Å"delight† imply sexual joy. Eric Partridge, writer of Shakespeare’s Bawdy: a Literary and Psychological Essay and Comprehensive Glossary, records that â€Å"Shakespeare does these somewhere else, a regularly including among the references 36. 8 (see reference section D for entire poem) where the ‘sweet hours’ of ‘love’s delight’ comprises of passionate play between the lovers† (Pequigney 38). Having the artist and the youngster in a relationship that goes past fellowship permits a peruser of the poems to more readily comprehend the profundity of the poet’s love for the young fellow. Of the considerable number of pieces communicating the poet’s love for the youngster, work 116 is the most famous. As indicated by Freud, love is â€Å"the blend between the unsensual, sublime love and sexy, earth love, of which the qualities are: an enduring cathexis upon the sexual article, with the goal that it might be adored in the indifferent stretches between the delight of sensual want and it’s return, the marvel of sexual overvaluation, and a narcissistic connection to the subject’s ego† (Bloom 59-60). So the sweetheart, the writer, treats the adored item, the youngster, as he would himself. The adored article fills in as a substitute for some unattained perfect. On account of the pieces, the perfect is love. Being enamored permits the writer to have what he needs however couldn't gain previously and fills in as a methods for fulfilling his self esteem. Joseph Pequigney, creator of Such is My Love: A Study of Shakespeare’s Sonnets, concurs with and explains on Freud. He composes, â€Å"All of these qualities have a place with the poet’s love for the companion. It is an adoration that delivers attractive narcissistic profits; it is worthwhile additionally for the companion, who is commended for individual characteristics that would probably pass unnoticed were the artist not under the spell of his excellence. † Pequigney proceeds to address the absolute opposite of the poet’s love for the youngster, his desire for his fancy woman the â€Å"dark lady†. Since the special lady offers no greedy points of interest, she is â€Å"disesteemed with bad habit however never ethicalness credited to her† (Pequigney 157). The artist assaults and questions her physical engaging quality as the issue goes on and she excites desire that travels every which way. Pieces 127-154 are routed to the â€Å"dark lady† (from now on the paramour). Shakespeare’s relations to his special lady waver; at times optimistic, delicate, prodding, or sharply outrage; yet it is a less complex connection than that with the youngster. The artist doesn't need to legitimize her, as he needed to legitimize the youngster out of profound mental need. The connection with her is for joy, enthusiasm, and fascination. At the point when the writer initially starts also court the fancy woman, he utilizes obvious lecherous diversion, displays the blend of want and lack of respect that is the sign of desire in the subsequent sub-arrangement. His absence of desirously at the way that she has two other men displays his absence of certifiable love for his courtesan. He doesn't hope to dispose of his mistress’s different sweethearts; he essentially asks that he isn't disposed of either. For whatever length of time that she concedes him sexual favors also, he will stay cheerful. She might be something contrary to chaste, however he wouldn't fret, inasmuch as he gets his offer. The two have sexual relations, just because, in the period following piece 128 (see informative supplement F) and in the blink of an eye before the opening of poem 129 (reference section G). When want for the lady has been fulfilled, repugnance sets in. In his present mood the writer conveys the monolog of poem 129, which examines desire while performing his battle to deal with it. The experience is portrayed as three progressive stages: (1) licentious want; (2) fulfillment; and (3) the repercussions (Ramsey 146). The endless loop consistently rehashes all through section two. Following work 129 the writer returns to joyously, tenderly prodding his fancy woman, appeared in poem 130: I love to hear her talk, yet well I realize That music hath an unquestionably additionally satisfying sound; I award I never observed a goddess go†My fancy woman when she strolls steps on the ground. But by paradise I think my affection as uncommon As any she misrepresented with bogus look at. (see reference section H for entire work) Later he returns to outrage and harshness (131, informative supplement I) to a blend of prodding and forceful feeling (132, addendum J) back to disdain (133, index K). From that point, he goes to clever foulness, with shades of self-hatred and some threatening vibe (135, index L) to sensitive delicacy (143, informative supplement M) and back to outrage (144, reference section N), to begin the cycle all once more. Shakespeare closes the sonnets to the dull woman viciously and fittingly: For I have sworn thee reasonable: More lied eye, To swear against reality so foul an untruth. (see addendum O for entire piece) The fierceness is the rage from his cognizant faltering between assumed love and desire. It's anything but a wonderful method to end 154 love sonnets, yet it is an incredible way. The tale of Shakespeare’s poems obviously appears, through the substance of the pieces, how profoundly he feels for his young companion and how he only aches for his paramour. The penance that the writer made for the youngster, by surrendering his escort to the man he cherished, demonstrates his incredible love for him. The poet’s response to the fulfillment of the connection between his escort and him describes his creature desire for her. Shakespeare legitimizes the youngster; he accuses the dull woman; he battles with himself, accuses himself, and afterward attempts to legitimize himself without much of any result.

Evidential Markers in English The Word Apparently Assignment

Evidential Markers in English The Word Apparently - Assignment Example The word evidently is illustrative of a demonstration of insight since it exhibits the speaker’s perspective and passes on what the person in question thinks, accepts or even theories dependent on data got or watched by implication. As Briton (1996) clarifies, words showing a demonstration of insight are by and large connected with a psychological development of â€Å"evidential markers from action words of cognition† which are â€Å"analogous to the improvement of prattle, tangible, and inferential evidential from action words of perception† which mean â€Å"hear, see, and feel† (p. 243). In this way the word clearly is a development of data saw by the speaker. The speaker isn't passing on infinitive data, but instead a data that isn't just backhanded however open to challenge. From a discernment point of view, there is consistently the likelihood that the speaker is misguided or has mistakenly deciphered data watched or caught. The method of knowing is evident in the utilization of the word obviously. Verifiably, the speaker isn't passing on direct information on a reality but instead a deduction is drawn from data. The utilization of the word clearly is illustrative of the speaker’s reluctance to focus on an authoritative determination but instead a readiness to offer a translation or view of the data got or watched (Brinton, 1996). As far as possible the data to an inferential structure and is hence showing a level of vulnerability by utilizing the word clearly and neglecting to attest unequivocally that the data watched or got can be decisively expressed. Faller (2002) portrays what is known as the reportative marker. The reportative marker is pertinent to the word clearly in light of the fact that it offers an opposing position with respect to the speaker.â

Hack Study Break

Hack Study Break I am two days away from finishing my first semester at MIT. How did that happen? Most of campus is already cracking down in preparation for finals, which are now less than a week away! Even freshmen like myself have begun putting our study habits into high gear. Although youd think that the stress level on campus would be pretty high right now, most of my friends seem to be coping pretty well. In fact, a few students apparently had so much spare time on their hands, they actually decided to provide the rest of us with a few games and toys to play with over the next few days. Confused? Let me explain Monday afternoon, I was walking across the east side of campus for my UROP (more about that later) when I noticed a few people gathered in the courtyard in front of the Green Building. Intrigued, I wandered over and began to notice a few strange shapes scattered across the courtyard, seemingly at random. As I got closer, I realized that the mysterious objects werent miscellaneous debris at all it was a hack! It was a giant game of Settlers of Catan! Although you may have never heard of this amazing game, its quite popular here at MIT. In my humble opinion, and the opinion of millions of fans, its quite simply one of the best games in the world. Looking the hack over, I was happy to see that the recreated version was completely faithful to the original apart from a few minor, MIT-themed variations. Instead of the standard Building Cost card, the hacked version had this one: (*EDIT 1/11/08: Visiting this entry again, I happened to notice that some of my photos have changed in size. Im not quite sure how this happened, but I have decided to remove the photos until I can fix this problem. Sorry for the inconvenience! -Paul) Likewise, the traditional robber piece was replaced with a mock-up of a Campus Police officer. If you look closely, youll notice that hes holding a donut. Thoroughly impressed, I left Settlers and hurried on towards my UROP. Scarcely had I crossed the street, however, when I noticed that something strange was going on with the Media Lab. Could it possibly be another hack? Yes, it was! Hackers had constructed an MIT-themed Scrabble board and somehow spirited it onto the side of the Media Lab, which I have no doubt was an extremely difficult feat. I imagine the hackers chose the Media Lab because the side of the building rather resembles a Scrabble board anyway. This next picture really shows just how huge this hack really is. So far, I had already seen two new hacks could there be more? I resolved to hunt around campus as soon as I was done researching for the day. Fortunately enough, I didnt have to hunt far hackers had placed yet another game in front of MIT Medical, right next to my lab! MIT chess! The white pieces represented the administration, while the black pieces featured the different dorms and living groups on campus. A little anti-authoritarian, perhaps, but its all in good fun. For the living groups, the different pieces included various halls of East Campus, including Fifth East, Beast (Second East), and the main desk; Senior Haus; the FSILGs fraternities, sororities, and independent living groups; Simmons (my dorm!), and McCormick. The administrators and other authority figures included President Hockfield, Chancellor Clay, faculty, alumni, Physical Plant, and the Campus Police. Those were all the hacks I could find, but when I returned home after my UROP, I found an email from someone who identified himself only as Milton Bradley, who informed me that several other hacks had also been put up over the weekend, though some had been taken down. Mr. Bradley not only pointed me to a site with photos of these other hacks, he also suggested that I put some of these photos on the MIT blogs, for all the prospective students to see. How could I disagree? Few things make me more excited than hacks, so I was happy to take a little time off from studying for finals and put together this blog entry. Other hacks across campus included Mouse Trap in the Stata Center, Cranium in the Brain and Cognitive Sciences Building, and turning the usual campus maps into Risk boards. Here are some pictures: Would you like a little cheese with your Stata Center? As a crowning move, the (in)famous Hilltop Steak House Cow was transformed into a mouse. Hackers just cant leave the poor cow alone! Just across the street from the Stata Center, the Brain and Cognitive Science Building was another hotspot of hack activity. The four-square Brain and Cognitive Science logo was begging to be transformed into the four categories of Cranium. Hackers even managed to hang the Cranium die on the face of the building. Most impressive! Sometimes, finding your way around campus can be a little Risk-y. Hopefully visitors werent too confused by the strange soldiers on the map. And thats it quite an impressive bunch of hacks, arent they? As always, huge congratulations to MITs hackers for producing yet another thoroughly enjoyable hack lets hope theres even more during the spring semester! Additional props to Eric Schmiedl 09 and Shen Chew 11 for all their awesome photos. Thanks for reading, guys. Best wishes to all the EA applicants as you await your decisions. By the way, I lost the game. ;)

Leadership As A Team Success - 1506 Words

When working with a team success depends on how its leadership leads the team. Management is not the same as leadership. As usual, the more successful the leader the more successful the team, teamwork requires a good leader; their presence could adversely affect teamwork and vice versa (Thompson. 2014). â€Å"Great Man† theory. Leaders are born, not made. These theories of leadership become popular during the 19th century. The legend behind some of the world most notorious leaders such as Abraham Lincoln, Julius Caesar, Alexander the Great gave so much to the concept that great leaders are born and not made. According to Thomas Carlyle, â€Å"the history of the world is but the biography of great man.† Effective leaders are those talented with glorious enthusiasm and the right appearances. In todays, world people often define outstanding leaders as having the right class or characteristics for the position suggesting that basic characteristics makes these people successful leaders (Cherry, 2015). Trait-based theory in some ways similar to the great man theory. The trait theory presumes that people acquire certain qualities or traits make them better suited to leadership trait theories usually recognize certain personality or behavioral characteristics that ae shared by leaders. Conflicts in the relationship among leadership traits and leadership success ultimately led scholars to shift patterns in search of new information for successful leadership (Scientific AcademicShow MoreRelatedLeadership And Team Effectiveness Of Team Success1914 Words   |  8 PagesLeadership and Team Effectiveness Team success is a result of highly synchronized and efficient groups who strives to reach a common goal. It is rare and undependable for a team to naturally be successful without leadership. Leadership provides mission, vision, and values for a team. Leadership also helps establish positive norms within a team s working environment. There are two leadership theories presented in this course which, among the various theories, can play an important role in effectiveRead MoreLeadership Strategy : A Critical Activity For Growth And Success Of An Organization834 Words   |  4 Pagesgrowth and success of an organization. Many also know that without strong leadership that is collectively working together to achieve goals throughout the organization even the best and boldest strategies will fall short of their fullest potential (Pasmore, 2014). Leadership Strategy provides the roadmap for the development of leadership talent and culture. Having skilled leaders to carry out business s trategy is crucial to success, but research has shown that we must also understand leadership cultureRead MoreLeadership Philosophy : A Leader s Employees, And Growth Of The Organization1595 Words   |  7 PagesA clear leadership philosophy is important to the success of a leader, development of the leader’s employees, and growth of the organization. As a future leader, I will explore my own leadership philosophy built on the principles of integrity, openness, and humility. I will discuss the importance of creating an environment that fosters mutual respect, recognizes each individual’s potential, and inspires success. Using my own philosophy as a guide, I will discuss and analyze the approach a commanderRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Wooden On Leadership 1513 Words   |  7 PagesExecutive Summary The topic of leadership continues to attract several theoretical arguments as the practice of leadership varies depending on a variety of factors (Loveridge, 2014). However, the contributions made by John Wooden in transforming leadership are impeccable, with his many years as a basketball coach earning him admiration and success in equal measure. John Wooden, therefore, explains how leaders can get the maximum potential out of their followers through enhancing the individual abilitiesRead MoreHuman Resources And Project Management1413 Words   |  6 Pagespossessing great leadership skills and competencies, since in the absence of an effective project leader a specific project is likely to fail in the long run. The successful accomplishment of projects is the sole former responsibility as well as objective of a project manager, who takes enormous responsibility upon his shoulder when it comes to make the right decisions (Geoghegan Dulewicz, 2008). Whereas some individuals have na tural leadership attributes, other such leadership skills and competenciesRead MoreDifferences Between American and Indian Managers Essay845 Words   |  4 Pagesengaging in transparency and accountability, investing in training, empowering through communication and cultural. (HBR, Leadership lessons from India 2010). We know that leadership is very important to motivation and interpersonal behavior within the company. Having an effective leadership involves the talents to inspire and lead people. In the article, Leadership Lesson from India, it stated that important difference between Indian and American company leaders is how they focus theirRead MoreTransformational And Team Leadership Approaches1217 Words   |  5 PagesThe Heart of Leadership Organizational effectiveness depends on the forerunners leading the charge. Transformational and team leadership approaches are two options businesses can choose from to meet the vision of the company. One method identifies an individual at the figurehead of the group or division, where the other approach leaves the option open for natural selection. Neither leadership approach is wrong. Quite the contrary, transformational and team leadership share similar behavioralRead MoreJohn Wooden On Leadership And The Woodens Pyramid Of Success1442 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Leadership is an action of leading a group of people or an organization. For the purpose of the report, I will be looking at John Wooden on leadership and the Wooden’s Pyramid of Success. I will be reflecting on how the Wooden’s philosophy of what leadership should be relates to today’s business environment. I will be discussing the pyramid of success, looking at various building blocks and see how that holds together and how it can help anyone to achieve whatever they want to achieveRead MoreLeadership Competencies And Leadership Skills1477 Words   |  6 Pagesguiding initiatives and employees is defined as Leadership skills. Valuable leadership skills include taking thoughtful decisions, allocation of resources, and the ability to delegate, inspire and communicate effectively. Other leadership traits include honesty, confidence, commitment and creativity. Leadership competencies can be used to effectively select, develop and promote leaders in an organization .The difference between Leadership Skill and leadership competency can explained as the required levelRead MoreContemporary Views Of Leadership And Leadership1513 Words   |  7 PagesViews of Leadership Leadership encompasses all areas of our lives. Everyone performs a leadership role in their household one way or the other. Parents perform leadership roles every day in their homes. In schools, leadership roles are being performed on a daily basis by students and teachers. In churches, there are pastors, deacons, elders, etc. perform leadership roles. At your jobs, leadership roles come into play each and every day. As you can see leadership is a very

How I Started Community College - 2035 Words

That is how adults handle interactions, and to react defensively, I feel, is mostly a reaction based in fear. Give an example of a time when you made a commitment to something and saw it through from beginning to end. I know in everyday life that there are countless examples of commitments that you have to see through to the end. To me the most meaningful example in my life would have to be college. I started community college feeling so behind, as a 24 year old with only a G.E.D., I knew that when I started I needed to go through with it. I thought that if I let myself mess this up I’d never have the courage to begin again. Once I was in school I never stopped, I attended summer courses and completed 10 terms straight before I earned my A.A.O.T. I can’t say that I feel anywhere near the end of my educational journey, and I hope I never do, but I did see community college through to the end. 6. What is your personal experience with birth? My personal experience, I have never been to a birth. I have read, watched, and discussed birth, birth culture, and traditions for 10 years now, but I have yet to have an opportunity to attend a birth in person. In my family none of my generation has had children yet, and before this last 9 months or so, none of my friends had been pregnant. I had planned on having children young and started to educate myself on the subject when I was about 17. I started as I am sure many women do with â€Å"What to Expect When You reShow MoreRelatedThe Mission Of Community Colleges1130 Words   |  5 Pagesaltered missions of community colleges and related impacts on the historical mission of community colleges. The mission of community colleges were intended to serve all individuals with an equal opportunity for higher education access. In this research paper, there will be four guided questions: 1. What was the original mission of community colleges? 2. How has the community colleges mission changed over time? 3. How did the organizational culture impact the community colleges? 4. What are societalRead MoreGraduation Speech : High School1445 Words   |  6 Pages In most jobs, when you apply there are requirements that you need to be able to be even considered a good candidate for the job and be hired. Did you graduate high school? Do you have a college degree? A 3.00 GPA or above? Previous experience for at least two years? Most guardians tell you to work hard in school to have a bright future. If you want to find a good job they suggest you to look what are the requirements to be able to even be consider. When you start high school in some schools theyRead MoreStudying Psychology At River Parish Community College938 Words   |  4 PagesProfessor Kleinpeter. Since the doors opened 17 years ago, Kleinpeter has taught Psychology at River Parish Community College. Before River Parish Community College, she taught at the University of New Orleans. Then, in the beginning of her career she taught Special Education for 15 years. It is obvious that Kleinpeter has plenty of experience under her belt, but all of these successes started with a choice . The future that children often dream for themselves is not the reality they live out laterRead MoreAcademic Success At Maple Woods Because It Develops Productivity, And Their Peers1309 Words   |  6 PagesWhen it comes to school, academic success is vitale to learning and being successful in college. How students are involved during college effect’s their success in school greatly. The more a student is involved, the more invested and interested they will be. Therefore I think that the school should encourage engagement with activities, and their peers. I believe that campus involvement would improve student success here at Maple Woods because it develops productivity, and general interest and prideRead MoreImplementing Learning Communities At The Community College Level1431 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Many students start college and end up either dropping out or taking an exuberant amount of time to complete. This is especially true for the community colleges, where the majority of the students are commuters, a large portion work and some have family obligations. Many institutions have started addressing these circumstances by creating learning communities. The idea of implementing learning communities at the community college level can be the change that is needed for the successRead MoreThe Effects Of Substance Abuse On The Community844 Words   |  4 PagesMost college students have the freedom to do whatever they would like, with little parental supervision. This often leads a student to their downfall. Students are often found turning to drugs and alcohol to help relieve themselves from the pressure of school. Students and even some adults tend to try and find a short term fix to a long term problem. leading many students to substance use. Many of them use drugs and alco hol to help distance themselves from the stress they are faced with. A communityRead MoreMy Target Accomplishment At The Gray Zones Of Transitioning Can Challenge1353 Words   |  6 Pagesby the adoption of negative habits and routine in which we become comfortable in and often differ your mind from your ultimate goal. Just as you need to acknowledge a loss you must not become consumed within the failure aspect instead deliberate on how is it that you can do to better and prosper pass this situation. The process of transitioning is more of a mental challenge than physical it pushes you beyond what you expect of yourself. My target accomplishment was to obtain my bachelor s degreeRead MoreI Am A Transfer Student At California State University911 Words   |  4 Pages I am a transfer student at California State University, Long Beach and my major is Human Development with a concentration in social and personality development. I enjoy volunteering to work with isolated senior citizens and at the Orange County Food Bank in Garden Grove. Giving back to my community and being successful in school goes hand in hand for me. With all my heart, I believe that a higher education will allow me to reach out and do more for the individuals in my community and to mold meRead MoreSummary And Response Of Community College947 Words   |  4 Pagesschool, students have the tendency to think that community college is something that is bad. In â€Å"Confessions Of A Girl Who Was ‘Too Smart For Community College’,† Chelsea Fagan talks about how in school, she had a hard time in school with her grade s and how her school showed off kids that went to college on a bulletin board. She tried everything to avoid going to a community college. Only for the reason that there was a â€Å"stigma† on how community colleges are mostly frowned upon or even laughed at (Fagan)Read MoreI Am Pursuing Bsn From Empire State College994 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstand what courses I need to take and what to expect each semester while I am pursuing BSN from Empire State College so that I can prepare myself and my family ahead. This will help me refocus my reasons of why I am returning to school and what I will be studying Goals in Pursuing the Bachelor of Science in Nursing I have an Associate Degree in nursing from Queensborough Community College. I had a Bachelor in Environmental Engineering already and I was looking for the fastest

Osteoporosis Free Essays

Abstract:As the world’s population lives longer, the significance of osteoporosis and fractures increases.Introduction:Osteoporosis is an age-associated disease, which is influenced by genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors. Age is a high hazard factor for osteoporosis. We will write a custom essay sample on Osteoporosis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Lack of vitamin D and insufficiency of calcium absorption are the most popular reason for the osteoporosis in the elderly. (Jakob et al, 2014)Jakob, F., Seefried, L., ; Schwab, M. (2014). Alter und Osteoporose. Der Internist, 55(7), 755-761.?Jakob F, e. (2018). [Age and osteoporosis. Effects of aging on osteoporosis, the diagnostics and therapy]. – PubMed – NCBI. [online] Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24903137 [Accessed 16 May 2018].It is mostly a disease of old age people. The prevalence of osteoporosis increase significantly with age and it is an independent risk factor for the improvement of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. As indicated by National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data the diffusion of osteoporosis based on reduce density of hip bone was estimated at 4% in women 50 to 59 years of age compared to 44% in women 80 years of age and older. The number of seniors in risk for osteoporosis will continue increasing with the aging of society. (Vondracek et al , 2009).Vondracek, S. F., ; Linnebur, S. A. (2009). Diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in the older senior. Clinical interventions in aging, 4, 121.? I choose this topic because when I was in clinical area I saw many old patient they came to do x-ray and when I read the justification I saw they have osteoporosis. So I want to know how the x-ray help to diagnosis this disease. In this assignment I will talk about first the principles of the osteoporosis, the equipment components required for carrying out the osteoporosis examination and their functions. Also, I will discuss the role of radiographer and technical and radiation exposure considerations of it. Finally, I will talk about one clinical example for osteoporosis patient with clear images.Principle:Osteoporosis was described as a pathological in which there is non-attendance of bone tissue, however that tissue which remains is completely calcified. Osteoporosis creates when bone resorption happens too rapidly and substitution happens too gradually. (Makhdoom, et al,2014) The older senior is at high risk for osteoporosis. It is important for healthcare providers to be fully aware of the potential risks and benefits of diagnosing and treating osteoporosis in the older senior population. Data indicate that bone mineral density testing is under-utilized and drug therapy is often not initiated when indicated in this population. Bone mineral density testing with central dual energy x-ray absorptiometry is essential and cost-effective in this population. All elder people should be instructed on a bone-healthy lifestyle containing age-appropriate weight-bearing exercise and smoking cessation if necessary. The very important role in the risk for osteoporotic fractures, especially in the older senior is a falls play. The risk for vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency is high in the older senior and can contribute to falls and fractures. To treat this problem they should intake sufficient amount of calcium and vitamin D. (Vondracek et al,2009) Vondracek, S. F., ; Linnebur, S. A. (2009). Diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in the older senior. Clinical interventions in aging, 4, 121.?DEXA procedure detects the osteoporosis disease and this early diagnosis will improve the disease management practices and would help in impeding national productivity losses by mass screening and awareness. Also, it can help prevent osteoporosis. (Makhdoom, et al,2014) Makhdoom, A., Rahopoto, M., Siddiqui, K. A., ; Qureshi, G. A. (2014). Early Detection of Osteoporosis by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry. Pakistan journal of medical sciences, 30(6), 1265.? Equipment component and function:The technique used to measure the mineral bone density and the average concentration of mineral in a defined section of bone is the Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). It performed with a low radiation dose and accurate (exact measurement of BMD), precise and flexible (different regions can be scanned). A DEXA scanner consists of a low-dose x-ray tube with two energies for separating mineral and soft-tissue components and a high-resolution multidetector array. It has one of two different system a fan-beam device that emits alternating high (140 kVp) and low (70–100 kVp) x-rays and sweeps across a scan area or a constant x-ray beam with a rare-earth filter and energy-specific absorption, which separates photons of higher (70 keV) and lower (40 keV) energy.( Lorente-Ramos et al,2011).Lorente-Ramos, R., Azpeitia-Armà ¡n, J., Muà ±oz-Hernà ¡ndez, A., Garcà ­a-Gà ³mez, J. M., Dà ­ez-Martà ­nez, P., ; Grande-Bà ¡rez, M. (2011), Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in the diagnosis of osteoporosis: a practical guide. American Journal of Roentgenology, 196(4), pp 897-904.Role of radiographer with osteoporosis patients:Understanding every step of the procedure is important for maximizing the usefulness of the imaging evaluation to patients and referring clinicians in this procedure the radiographer play a great role in preparing the patient and taking care of the patient before, during and after examination. Before the examination, the radiographer must be Check patient history, old x-ray, Select the optimum exposure factors, Prepare the room for examination and Prepare the patient for the examination. During examinationThe radiographer must be Explain the procedure to patient and relative ,Reassure and care for patient during examination, Position the patient, Place radiation protection and Constantly assess the patient’s condition and then Expose. After examination they should be Move the tube away from patient, lower x-ray table down and finally given instructions to patient.Radiation exposure in X-ray-based imaging techniques used in osteoporosis:In old patients, central DEXA measurements of the lumbar spine and proximal femur are recommended. Two regions should be measured so that if one is unavailable, the forearm can be imaged. Appropriate patient positioning is essential for optimizing BMD measurement. The patients are placed in the supine position for poster anterior imaging of the lumbar spine and femoral neck and sitting next to the table for imaging of the forearm. Images are assessed for patient movement. The area of interest exceeding 1–2 cm and superior and inferior limits should be included to verify that the complete anatomic region is scanned. The bone axis should be straight and centered and the lesser trochanter should not be seen on images of the proximal femur. Equipment from various manufacturers generates automatic ROIs, which should be reviewed. Correct numbering of vertebral bodies is the main goal in DEXA of the lumbar spine. The indicators of correct positioning are as follows: the ribs appear at T12, the largest transverse processes are L3, the vertebral area values increase from L1 to L4, BMD increases from L1 to L3, and the BMD of L4 is similar to or slightly less than that of L3. Sometimes radiographs are necessary for correlation. Altered vertebrae (deformed or with lesions or artifacts in them) should be excluded from the analysis. If only one vertebral body is left, the region is not useful for diagnosis. In hip scanning, it is important to avoid undesired bone. The anatomic landmark selected for femoral neck ROI placement is the greater trochanteric notch.( Lorente-Ramos et al,2011) Case study:A 70 years old patient was admitted to Khawla hospital due to presence of lower back pain and restricted waist movement. A lumbar x-ray was done to the patient and showed sever narrowing of the disc space between L3 and L4 with no fractures over the lumbar bodies. For further investigation, a bone densitometry test was done that showed the presence of severe presence of osteoporosis with increased risk of fracture. Thus, discectomy was done for the herniated portion of the disk between L3 and L4 that compresses the nerves and causes the pain and instrumented fusion of L3 and L4 was also done to stabilize and strengtnus the spine after the intervertebral joint space reduction that occurred between L3 and L4. Finally, the patient was prescribed with vitamin D and calcium tablets to compensate the calcium and vitamin D reduction due to the osteoporosis.(khawla hospital,2018) .(khawla hospital,2018) Conclusion: Over all, Osteoporosis is a systemic disorder of the skeleton that is characterized by a reduction in bone mass. Although the condition affects a higher percentage of old people. The importance of osteoporosis lies in the fact that osteoporotic bones are more fragile and susceptible to fracture than normal bones. DEXA is a quick, accurate, low-cost imaging method for the diagnosis of osteoporosis. It comprises adequate performance (symmetry, morphology, positioning), ROI placement, detection of artifacts, pathologic evaluation (incidental findings and those affecting analysis), and evaluation of bone mineral density. How to cite Osteoporosis, Papers

Operant Conditioning Theory and Behaviour Modification and Control

Question: How To Control Operant Conditioning Theory And Behaviour Modification? Answer: Introduction An individual's behavior is in most cases termed as functional because it is a function of events of the current or may have happened in the environment surrounding the individual (Weeden et al. (2011). Many researchers, therefore, have analyzed behavior in a functional way with the motive of uncovering the events in the current and past environments which may bear some influence on individuals behavior according to Liefooghe and Houwer (2016 ). Albert Bandura theory of cognitive development focuses on personality development regarding the mental processes which dictate our mode of conducting different activities as Bleidorn et al. (2014) assert. However, it fails in providing the understanding of the environmental factors influencing behavior and interventions of persons, Moore (2011) denotes that there are different mechanisms that can often be adopted with the aim of finding a solution to remedy some individual behaviors. In this study, the analysis is presented in the case study provide to an understanding the childrens behavior towards Jane, their class teacher who has difficulty in managing the class. The children are between the ages of 10-12 years and are often silent in class, do not participate in the learning process, and often come to school without completing their assignments. The study also points out the possible reasons for their behaviors. It then provides suggestions for possible interventions through concepts found in operant conditioning theory that can be adopted by the teacher to improve their behavior during classes and in general. The evaluation of the scenario presented in our case study can only be understood through considering the knowledge or scope ofs analyzed by Skinner (2011). In his study he defined this kind of behavior as a form of learning in which children behavior is influenced or controlled by the consequences. It can also be termed as a process through which a childs behavior is modified by use of both positive and negative reinforcements according to Kumar and Nazneen (2016). In this case, individuals make an association between a particular course of behavior and consequence. B.F Skinner developed the theory of behavior development in children at early stages of their growth. In his theory, the main idea was to bring an understanding that researchers need to focus on the external or observable behavioral causes rather than placing more emphasis on internal thoughts and motivations as pointed out by Wacker et al. (2017). In understanding and analyzing our case study, it is important to understand the environmental surroundings which may have affected or influenced the childrens behavior towards the teacher. Such an evaluation will help us answer the questions of why the students are silent on their teacher, why they fail to complete their assignments and their lack of participation. In a systematic review, Alstot and Alstot (2015) point out that many researchers have provided asserts that classroom set up has great influence on the behavior of children. The rules, guidelines and sitting arrangements in the classroom set up have been criticized for not supporting socialization among the pupils as it is always impersonalized (Weitzman, 2010). The classroom has some set strict rules and guidelines which only allow children to speak in the classroom only upon request by their teacher or trainer. There is likely to be a possibility that the old philosophical thought in classroom context which requires tha t children should be seen not heard (Payne, 2015) has killed the childrens desire to communicate freely. Such believe, and practice creates an attitude of certain educational techniques. In their study, Romi, Lewis, and Roache (2015) point out that before a child enrolls in school, his or her operation condition is usually oral and allows free communication. It is hence an assumption that schools or classroom dictates them to be silent. Learning is a process of living in a childs or individuals life, and its a matter of philosophical thought that knowledge comes from books. Therefore, this understanding questions the functioning of the silent condition most of the young children experience in early stages of their development in school as evidenced in our case study. The childrens lack of participation in class, the behavior of keeping quiet when asked questions, as well as their inability to complete their assignments, are evidenced in the case study. They can be due to the operant silent conditioning culture which classrooms have continued to impact on the children. In the attempt of finding an effective solution to the issues, the teacher should evaluate the class room circumstances to have a proper understanding of the silent behavioral condition in the classroom. According to Arturo (2013), such an evaluation process will help in knowing how to regulate the behavior of the children in a way that will motivate their freedom of interaction between them and their teachers as well as make them more active in their participation in classroom activities. According to the theory of moral development by Kohlberg, it is proposed that the development of moral judgment among children evolves according to an incremental sequence. It further argues that at lower stages of child development, the children are always guided by obedience to the established authority whereas at higher stages of development, the moral judgment or moral decisions of the children are dependent on conscience and ethical guidelines or principles. Therefore teacher Jane can easily influence the moral judgment of the children at that age as compared to when they will be at higher levels of learning. The process of classical conditioning involves learning of new behavior through association. It is guided by some principles which help in understanding different children responses to stimuli and the behaviors associated with the stimuli. The first principle is the acquisition principle; it involves the natural occurrence of unconditioned stimuli and eventually resulting to a response without necessarily the experience of learning. The principle of extinction also helps in understanding the behavior of children. It involves the disappearance of an occurrence usually caused by a conditioned. There is also the occurrence of spontaneous recovery which involves the reappearance of a conditioned response after a period of rest. And lastly there is stimulus generalization in which the conditioned children stimuli, produces similar responses after a response has been conditioned as well as the stimulus discrimination which differentiates between a conditioned stimuli and other stimuli. For example a child can differentiate between sounds of animals or any signs given to them. Many scholars have criticized the silent condition, not because of its inefficiency and wastefulness as a teaching and learning technique but merely because of the threats, it poses to children in their development and especially on communication capabilities as pointed out by Doolan and Bizo (2013). To avoid these consequences associated with the children behavioral responses which may be difficult to handle, it is recommended that teachers and mentors should adopt more socialized techniques in classrooms. The effect of this will promote the desire for an orderly communication among the children. With a basis of the biological evidence, Weitzman (2010) also shows that at early stages of kindergarten and adolescent stage, there is an increase in the desire for children to communicate as compared to other stages of their lives. Teachers should, therefore, be vigilant in observing the childrens behavior and seeking the possible interventions as this can lead to future problems in their personality development as pointed out by Kumar and Nazneen (2016). Strengths and weaknesses B.F Skinner theory of child development and identity formation can be very helpful in creating solutions to our case study and help the teacher enhance the pupils participation in the classroom. The theory is centered on the concepts of positive and negative reinforcements as well as positive and negative punishment. Research has provided that positive reinforcements refer to favorable events or outcomes which an individual receives after a desirable behavior as Alstot and Alstot (2015) reports. The teachers can, therefore, use this concept by either rewarding the active students or giving them special recognition in classrooms. Such events will motivate the docile pupils and improve their participation in classrooms. On the other hand, negative reinforcement removes unpleasant outcome after the desired behavior. For example, the teacher may remove the restriction of punishment if the pupils become obedient. The main goal of positive and negative reinforcements by therein forces shou ld hence to promote good behavior. The child cognitive development theory also advocates the use of punishment as a technique to influence and modify behavior among children. Punishment, in this case, refers to increasing something undesirable with an attempt to cause a decrease in the behavior that follows. Positive punishment in this case, therefore, refers to an unfavorable event that is given to an individual in order to weaken the response behavior that follows. For example, the teacher, in this case, may give more work to the pupils to be done with aim of reducing their reluctant behavior and lack of concentration. On the other hand, negative punishment occurs when an unfavorable event is removed after an undesirable behavior occurs. The main goal here will then be to reduce the behavior according to Romi, Lewis, and Roache (2013). In another perspective, B.F Skinner (2011) explains behavior as that specific functioning part of an organism which helps in promoting and enabling interactions with its surrounding environmental circumstances. And he argues that the formulation of behavior will always include both the act of an organism and the features of the surrounding environment which influence the acting of the organism. Research has also pointed out that not all instances of movements by an organism are behaviors and also provides that not all instances of behavior entail a movement. Teachers should, therefore, be careful in interpreting some behavioral instances among the pupils, there might be some other factors contributing to their classroom behavior. Some instances of behavior are as a resultant of stimulus which may have been invoked and hence present in the organism or individual (Moore, 2011). Recent research on emotional and behavioral disorders by Bleidorn, Kandler, and Caspi (2014) gives an estimate of between 3% and 6% occurrence among children. Children with emotional and behavioral disorders are characterized by aggressive behaviors, destruction of properties, talking out, avoiding social interactions and rarely participate in classroom assignments as they are keen in observing the rules of silence conditioning. The teacher should also engage other professionals such as child psychologists to help them understand the behavior if its persistent as failure may lead to such emotional and behavior disorders. The theory of child development at early stages has been criticized for having certain weaknesses in managing the behavior of children. The criticisms have that the theory seems to only deal with strict distinct behavior as to whether a behavior is good or bad. They argue that there is a likelihood of students showing traits of good behavior as well as bad behavior. They may have a good behavior in one aspect and fail the other, for example, he or she may be good in class performance and be a bully to other students. They also argue that positive reinforcements or rewards should not always be supported as there is an argument that a child is supposed to continue his or her good behavior even if the reward is removed. There is also a criticism that the theory lacks engagement and motivation to students and advocate for the need of students at the higher level to conduct group discussions as well as figure things out on their experimental ways and research as pointed out by McClurg and Morris (2014). Despite the weaknesses, B.F Skinner and Albert Bandura theories of child development have been highly commented on its usefulness and ability to control students behavior. It's applicability in; helping in teaching as well as promoting behavioral modification and cognitive development. If is always easy for children to associate good behavior with rewards as well as associating bad behavior with punishment. Children also get to understand that good behavior will always produce desirable societal results while results of bad behavior are always unwanted. It is therefore recommended for the above scenario as the teacher will be able to understand, monitor and modify the behavior of children through a system of tested and applied techniques and concepts from the operant conditioning theory (Payne, 2015). Therefore the knowledge of operant conditioning has greatly influenced the practices of education. Children are believed to exhibit behaviors under all ages; it is, therefore, the respo nsibility of their teachers and parents to act as behavior modifiers. The arrangements and classroom settings through the established principles should help teachers organize the experiences that will enable them to facilitate both academic and childrens social behavior. Conclusion The knowledge of childrens classroom behavior as seen from research is important for both teachers and parents in helping them understand, regulate and modify their childrens behavior. Teacher Jane can therefore understand the behavior of his children or pupils and develop mechanisms which will correct such behaviors. She may introduce rewards to motivate and encourage the pupils participation in class, activities outside the class such as game or group competitions, ensuring sitting arrangements are done in a way to promote social interactions. Child development and behavior modification under the theory of B.F Skinner therefore, provides a better concept of behavior modification through reward and punishment concepts as compared to Watsons theory of social learning which emphasize the idea that behavior is a resultant of habit formed by individuals. The case represented in our case study can, therefore, be addressed by taking into consideration the concepts and view of both theorie s of child development as analyzed by Albert Bandura and B.F Skinner. References Alstot, A. E., Alstot, C. D. (2015). Behavior Management: Examining the Functions of Behavior. JOPERD: The Journal Of Physical Education, Recreation Dance, 86(2), 22-28. Arturo, C. A. (2013). The Psyche as Behavior.RevistaColombiana De Psicologa, 22(2), 377-387. Bleidorn, W., Kandler, C., Caspi, A. (2014).The Behavioural Genetics of Personality Development in Adulthood-Classic, Contemporary, and Future Trends.European Journal Of Personality, 28(3), 244-255. doi:10.1002/per.1957 Doolan, K. k., Bizo, L. A. (2013). Reinforced Behavioral Variability In Humans. Psychological Record, 63(4), 725-734. Kay, SR 2015 Revised 'Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development: Critical Analysis of Validation Studies With the Defining Issues Test', International Journal Of Psychology, 17, 1-4, pp. 27-42, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 9 May 2017. Kumar, E. S., Nazneen, S. (2016). A Literature Review of the Theories of Learning and Varieties of Learning with Emphasis on Second Language Acquisition.Language In India, 16(7), 218-236. Liefooghe, B., De Houwer, J. (2016). A functional approach for research on cognitive control: Analysing cognitive control tasks and their effects in terms of operant conditioning. International Journal Of Psychology, 51(1), 28-32. McClurg, L., Morris, R. (2014). Shaping Student Behaviors Through Reward Systems: Lessons From Beaver Trapping?.Journal Of Higher Education Theory Practice, 14(2), 89-102. Moore, J. (2011). Behaviorism. Psychological Record, 61(3), 449-465. Payne, R. (2015). Using rewards and sanctions in the classroom: pupils perceptions of their own responses to current behaviour management strategies.Educational Review, 67(4), 483-504. Romi, S. s., Lewis, R. R., Roache, J. J. (2013). Classroom management and teachers' coping strategies: Inside classrooms in Australia, China and Israel. Prospects (00331538), 43(2), 215-231. Skinner, B. F. (2011). About behaviorism.Vintage. Psychological Record, 61(3), 449-465. Wacker, D. P., Schieltz, K. M., Berg, W. K., Harding, J. W., Dalmau, Y. P., Lee, J. F. (2017). The Long-Term Effects of Functional Communication Training Conducted in Young Children's Home Settings. Education Treatment Of Children, 40(1), 43-56. Weeden, M., Wills, H. h., Kottwitz, E., Kamps, D. (2016). The Effects of a Class-wide Behavior Intervention for Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders.Behavioral Disorders, 42(1), 285-293. Weitzman, R. S. (2010). The Bases for Language Repertoires: Functional Stimulus-Response Relations. Journal Of Speech-Language Pathology Applied Behavior Analysis, 5(2), 132-14

Barangay Information System Essay Essays

Barangay Information System Essay Essays Barangay Information System Essay Essay Barangay Information System Essay Essay Significance of the Study -This survey was made to happen out that the usage of abode information system will decrease the clip for the dealing of encoding. Besides in utilizing this system it can acknowledge the individual involve in this survey. To the Barangay – It will assist for them to decrease the clip for the dealing of encoding. The system will be the nose count like holding a system of the barangay for all of its components and new people who will populate in the topographic point. The system will be effectual in keeping. seeking and hive awaying of records of all occupant in the barangay. To the Residence – For they will be accommodated easy for they will hold an designation that can be used to entree their histories if there are some alterations to be done in their portion. It will besides be easy for them in bespeaking some information and services because the barangay had already hold it. This will besides guarantee the occupants that their information is decently secured and maintain through the use of the proposed system. To the Secretary of the Barangay – It will assist to form the record and supervise the information of the abode. Foreign For farther apprehension of the survey. the research workers made usage of different reading stuffs related to the information system. These stuffs such as books. magazines. newspapers. thesis and other web articles are indispensable in broadening the cognition of the research workers. These will besides steer the research workers to accomplish their mark aims by acquiring thoughts on other related surveies and do betterments as possible. Harmonizing to Jennifer Rowley ( 2005 ) . information system are a tool to back up information direction. Information systems are progressively being used in organisations with the object of supplying competitory advantage. The information systems used by organisations can be grouped into different types such as dealing processing system. executive information system. adept systems and office information systems. Information Technology has heralded the coming of the information society. The University of Minnesota Research and Training Center has released its one-year Residential Information Systems Project study. The study provides state-by-state statistics with long-run tendencies on residential services. scenes. populations and expenditures for people with developmental disablements in province. nonstate. and Medicaid-funded residential plans. Features of occupants. motion and staffing forms in big province residential installations are included. The study uses 2012 information to analyze tendencies in residential supports for people with developmental disablements. The study found that the bulk of people with IDD that do non populate with a household member live in a scene with three or fewer people with IDD. with more than three-fourths sharing a place with six of fewer people. The study notes that there are important differences in the informations between provinces for many subject countries. including puting size. waiting lists. and mean outgos for HCBS. O’Brien. ( 2011 ) defines information system as the organized combination of people. hardware. package. communicating webs and informations resources. that control. transform and disseminateinformation in an organisation. In partial fulfillment for the demands in Software Project presented to the module of IT Department Ebora. Vanessa Grace I.Casas. Lori Anne S.Rapisora. Sheryl L.Tambongco. Steven Chapter 1The Problem and Its BackgroundIntroduction Puting of the StudyThe survey was conducted at Barangay Katipunan-Bayani which has a approximative popul. ation of 8. 000 occupants. The barangay is located at Rodriguez Ave. Tanay. Rizal. Vicinity map of Barangay Katipunan-Bayani Theoretical Model Conceptual Model Statement of the Problem This discuss about the jobs of bing system that will be resolve by the research worker through computerized Residence Information Sysytem1. Open- beginning informations2. Back-up storage incase of loss3. Time consuming of registering application signifier4. Sharing of paperss5. File storage AimsGeneralThe research worker aims to develop a system that will assist the client to cut down the burden of the barangay staffs in salvaging the occupants files. Specific1. Have a security to secured all the of import records of the occupants.2. Have a back-up storage file in instance of perverting informations.3. Have a network-based for easy transferring of file needed.4. Have a information base for informations storage. Scope and Restriction The system is designed to hold a security for the records to be secured that merely the authorised individual can merely manage the system. It can be saved on a booklet for file back-up. It has informations base for storage of saved informations. It can publish paperss such as Barangay Clearance. Indigency etc. The system can non bring forth difficult transcript of entire records of barangay components. it did non incorporate abode figure.

Business Process Reengineering The WritePass Journal

Business Process Reengineering   INTRODUCTION: Business Process Reengineering   INTRODUCTION:ROLE OF IS/IT IN BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING:IMPLEMENTAION OF IS/IT ON TOYOTA UNDER THE BPR:RECOMMENDATION:Related   INTRODUCTION: Business process reengineering concepts comes from management theories and introduce in 18th century. The purpose of business process reengineering is to make the business in best condition. Frederick Taylor says in (1880s) the companies use the reengineering process to make the business in best position and to achieve the company goals. Business process reengineering means not only change but structural change. What kind of structural change in the organization, managing system, employee responsibilities, reward system, and information technology. Many organizations want to change the management of the organization but they not identified which part of work is to be changed. But the business process of reengineering (BPR) is the concept of management and that has been formed by practical experience. (BPR) is not only impact inside the organization but also the external supplier and customer as well. (BPR)   is help to increase the organization financial report and customer satisfa ction and also find out the way how to create the high productivity with the short amount [Radhakrishnan.R, 2008]. The key driver of the (BPR) is cost reduction, high speed, and quality. Information technology is a technology which use to store, determine and process the data which use in the specific organizations to examine the data and processed the data. And through the information we improve our knowledge and know how to do the work. The information system develops a strategic approach to change the process. For example through reengineering process we provide a wide range of company product online the customers are buying our product with the help of information system. So that is not possible without information system. Information technology is the component of the (BPR) and promotes the companies process. [Hammer and Champy (1993)] say reengineering about innovation. It is help to solve the company entire objectives. ROLE OF IS/IT IN BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  BPR is the much biggest issue for IS executive in 1990s (Moad, 1994). BPR shows the power of the information system and information technology to the decision making because through the information system and information technology the BPR reach the effective position. So the BPR success is based on information system and information technology. The role of IS in the organization is to make the effective strategy according to the business requirement. No other systems change the business such as the information system because the information system put right system on right place. The information is the key of an organization (Byrne, 1992) the IS measure the process and performance of an organization. The good information makes the better position of an organization. By using the customer strategy the IS gets the information out of the organization how the product of the company is running through the market and implement the IS to reduce the time to market. The information system has must be able to vision the information technology in the organization future. BPR is not adopting the new system but also create those system they effect the whole organization (Teer et al, 1994 Moad, 1993). Firstly focus on the business process not on information and then apply the IT tools on those processes. To adopting these steps the IS expert provide the understanding of the information and technology in the business processes. The IS professional have play an important role in the business process reengineering. For example when the California state affiliate of American Automobile Association (CASS) stated the reengineering process the internal IS system was very bad in initial stage they cannot deliver company product on time. The information technology system is good but the IS system is not good. So the CASS identified the problem and solved it. When they removed the IS department error the company come on boom stage. So the result is that when your IS/IT fulfill the requirement then the company comes to upward. The IS/IT are the key of business process reengineering. When the IS and IT department are work effectively then the BPR make the better company position. The relationship between IS/IT in the BPR is to change the process and identifying, evaluating, and implementing the business strategies. If the business is in dog situation the role of BPR is to remove the barrier. The BPR has overcome on these barrier through IS/IT because if the IS system is working bad than the business goes to downwards so the IS system is effective than the business in good position. How we can make the IS/IT system better. The delivery system of the company is based on the IS system so when the company collect the information form there customer what they want and than the company makes the strategy according to the customer requirement. So the company does all the process under the IS system we can say these are all the component of the IS system. IS system are supporting to regenerate the business process and also analyze the existing assets. A large number of manager are adopt the business process reengineering under the IS/IT system to getting the competit ive advantages and also provide effective service to their customers. Willcocks says the IS/IT is the most critical factors of the business process reengineering. These systems are cross the different stages and than identifying the problem and how the previous system works with the project and also collect the information for the reengineering process.                                                                                                                                            Ã‚   IMPLEMENTAION OF IS/IT ON TOYOTA UNDER THE BPR:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The information system of the Toyota company is been evaluated by SOWT analysis. The Toyota Company achieved the goals globally by using the information system. The Toyota company reach to there customer by using the different website worldwide. These are website based on IS system the IS system work effectively that why Toyota is the world biggest company. For example Toyota reach to there customer through the website there are many website and system in each world regions, north America, Europe etc. The IS department firstly gather the information from there customer what type of the goods they needed than according to the customer requirement the Toyota produce the goods. The Toyota company has develop new opportunity which is transport system and the company develop this system through the IS system because the information system is one of the best key to develop that system. Toyota collect the information from t here customer and the other companies as well. That is the marvelous opportunity for the Toyota Company because the Toyota increase there customer on the base of previous customer. The IS system and networking is the key which helps the Toyota Company success. The Toyota Company have no off competitors like as Honda, Ford, Chevrolet, etc. In this competition the Toyota Company is on boom stage because effective IS system. One of the best of the IS system is the Toyota new Hybrid Synergy drive. When the automotive industry is fall in high gasoline crude oil costs, the Toyota develop a new computerized engine system which is HSD. The Toyota introduce that system in there new models cars like Camry, prius which is available in the market. Toyota makes that possible by using the Porters models for the threat of same product. Some other companies copied the Toyota HSD and entered in the market like Nissan, Honda introduce similar technology in there sedan model but the Toyota is super ho t in the market because the Nissan and Honda have not good impact in the market yet. So the Toyota has highest impact in the market through IS system. Toyota Company has got profit on he behalf of Porters five forces because the companies share increase through the porter’s model. By using the HSD the company gets competitive advantages. Toyota HSD has sufficiently maintained their advantages and covers the market. These are all factor makes the Toyota success and gain the competitive advantages by using the information system. Because the information system is major key of the success so the Toyota maintains his information system and get the success. In 2008 the Toyota introduce service the name of that is TOYOTA METAPOLIS, on that service the Toyota created 3-d cars to inspire the people. In 2002 the Toyota introduce a new service in Japan the name of G-BOOK telematics service and in August 2005 Toyota introduce G-Link service for Lexus. And also introduce the theft detection service, tracking service for the G-BOOK and G-link user that are using there vehicles. So the Toyota has done all these step with the help of infor mation technology when the IT system is doing excellent job than the company did not went to downward. In 2007 Toyota bring the mX system in the market for there user and that service is use for getting direction that is the world first technology for auto update the map. In March 2004 the Toyota introduce the CRM (customer relationship management) the information technology develop service to their customer such as provide the information of new vehicles, time for the maintain the vehicle, etc. when the company provide these services to their customer the customer touch with the company gets the more customer on the behalf of previous customers satisfaction. So that is possible when the information technology work effectively. Toyota IT system play very important role in the success of the company. Toyota currently builds up CRM in countries including China, Thailand and Australia where the company want to increase the market share. In 1980s the carmaker was introduce aided design system for designing the part on computer not on paper. Toyota adopt that system the designer of new CAD system firstly asked where we use that particular system where we need that and also what are the requirement, what are the options the designer ask such question for the effective use of the information technology. For example when they analyze the die stamp that is out of parts the die stamp not fulfills the model requirement and than they design best dies on the computer. When the die design completes the Toyota use simple solution take the basic point which is shown on the color diagram. The die designer worked on experience based examined the diagram and made the particular parts. As their competitors adopt that CAD system Toyota maintain it through their engineers and suppliers. Toyota updates that system day by day and its work effectively. After two year the Toyota shifts that system into the CATIA (Computer-Aided Three Dimensional Interactive Application) a world class s ystem. Toyota was very slow implementing that system into the development process, because at the time when the Toyota implement that system the Ford automaker quickly adopt that system and introduced into the market but Ford industry have not effective CATIA system and spending million to adopt that system and confuse the people. After the Ford system failure that the Toyota introduces the CATIA system in the market and gets boots sale from the market, because Toyota put lot of attention to make that system. So the result is that the Toyota information technology system works very well if Toyota has not effective IT system than the company could not come to that point or stage. Toyota Company continuously work on CATIA system by using the effective software and effective engineers when the Toyota introduced the first CAS software in 1980s and within the next 12 months Toyota developed new vehicle. That are all possible when your have advance IT system by using the IT Toyota been su ccessful form 1980s. For example the instruments are done digitally in three dimensions. Toyota used this method in the vehicle design because the engineers kept the list of good and bad characteristics of design and these aspects saved electronically. There is also keeping the data in the assembly plant for the designing purpose. Through these design the engineers check the past problem and assembled the perfect car. So the IT helps to assemble the actual auto vehicle without the errors.   So the result is that the Toyota did not adopt the weak and poor development process and also use the most effective IT system. Toyota will take the effective development system which is based on trained engineers and leaders and surgically inserted information technology. Today Toyota is alive on the behalf of IS/IT system because these are the basic keys of the Toyota company success. RECOMMENDATION:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Toyota auto vehicle share the information with the other companies such as Ford, Nissan etc. That’s not good for Toyota company success when companies share the information with the other companies the companies has to use that information and developed new vehicle and introduced into the market. So that is the drawback of the Toyota Company to share the information with the others. This is the most difficult process to collect the information form the customer or other people what they want. After that the company put that information

A business report about the company called friend Essay

A business report about the company called friend - Essay Example I (David) took the responsibility of finding out solutions to their problems. Therefore a business report is compiled, which itemises each department and issue so that every problem can be studied. After discussion with the owners and then studying their marketing approach, it appears that they have no such plan at all. They believe in advertising through their customers; however it is evident that the customer base is not at all increasing. Their customers might be loyal, but are not good at advertising them. Similarly there is no customer base in the two cafà ©-bars too. Most people only come there by chance. The cafà ©-bars again are not advertised. The saloons and bar both sell different products. It can be established that the products need to be suited for the targeted audience. The saloons can sell Aveda products directly to their customers, to get extra income. The bars too can cut their menu to more focused foods. No advertising is used at all. Publicity to increase sales is missing as well. The fact that local music events are organized at the bars makes it easier to introduce new products. This opportunity needs to be utilized in order to publicise the saloons without any additional cost. Understanding the customer better allows designing appropriate products. The Friends have to understand that they can no longer survive with their current customer base. For example, in the cafà ©-bars the food sure has variety, but no focus. This makes customer less likely to come to the bars. After inquiring for some customers it was noticed that the environment at the saloons was not customer friendly. The services given by the staff aren’t satisfactory, thought the haircuts were good. The overall processes of the business are run on ad-hoc basis, with no planning at all. Processes need to be streamlined and a clear guideline has to be established. Friends can utilise their personal relationship to promote themselves, they can easily make promotional

Decision to Prosecute Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Decision to Prosecute - Essay Example This paper declares that in Hong Kong, in safeguarding the fundamental freedoms, the decision to prosecute plays a crucial role. If a decision is made for prosecuting an individual, the resources and the powers of the government are triggered off against the individual who has been charged with an offence. When contrasted with these accessible to the ordinary citizen, the resources can be formidable. Thus, the government attorney when he is contemplating to level allegations against an accused which has been vested in him by the authority can impact an ordinary citizen’s life significantly, and in case of that citizen, if levelled with charge, the court may interfere, and he may be finally freed by the court. This discussion explores that the police make an analysis and make a statement of the available proof and make a recommendation to the government attorney the offences if any committed by an accused. Based on the following two standards, the government formulates its verdict to book the accused namely if alleged, if there exists a rational chance of punishment and the government attorney has to find out whether it is in the public interest to prosecute a person or not. Thus, there should be enough proof to establish all the components of specific charge of criminal nature afar from realistic suspicion. In general, the courts in Hong Kong in criminal cases will look more into the proof gathered and decide whether the charge is established or not.2. As regards to the decision not to prosecute, it is alleged that Department of Justice is arrogating the role played by the court in making a decision not to prosecute. Under Hong Kong common law setup, there exists well described and separa te task earmarked to the court and the prosecuting authority. These functions are part and parcel of the constitutional setup for making sure that there exists a division of authorities in respect of prosecutions. In respect of an alleged offence, it is the prosecuting authority which makes a decision whether a person should or should not be prosecuted as regards to an alleged offence. However, some critics argue that it is the responsibility of the prosecution to initiate the court proceedings against indicted and the court

Audience Studies in Media

Audience Studies in Media The study of the audience has been very important in the media studies, since the power of the media in relation to the media audience could form how the society would work, what the public opinion would be and what political ideals would dominate. That is why the relationship of the audience and the media has been studies by scholars and academics since a very long time ago, leading to many theories about the subject to be developed and to a certain debate between the conceptualizations of the media audience. This essays aims to give a brief explanation of what the audience is, why it should be studied and then critically compare two conceptualisations of the media audience, the passive and the active one. The comparing will be done by presenting each theory’s main thesis and comparing them by analysing specific studies and approaches that were conducted to support each theory. Any group of people who are gathered in the same place and act as observers or spectators of something are considered an audience (Media and Communications course, Lecture 6: Media Audiences/lecture slides). Audience has existed since ancient times, particularly in Ancient Greece where people gathered in town centres to discuss about community problems. What we nowadays refer to as a media audience has been developed through the years as a result of industrialization, technological developments and several changes in people’s everyday lives. When people started to massively move from villages to industrialised cities, a mass society began to develop so it also became important that this new form of audience had to be studied in relation to the media of its time. What influence the media had on the audience, how the audience used the media in their everyday lives and how the media industry could attract more audience for their own profit (Williams,2003, McCullagh,2002) The main views on the mass society or mass audience research, that first appeared in the 1920s-1930s (McCullagh, 2002) were that the audience was consisted of a large public of consumers of mainstream media texts who were influenced by the rapid changes in society, the unstable family ties due to urbanization and the anonymity of the crowds (McCullagh, 2002), thus they became a vulnerable mass of ‘isolated and defenceless individuals’ (Williams, 2003). This situation positioned the media in a place where it could easily manipulate the unsuspected audience. That is why the media were used by authoritarian governments, like Hitler’s Nazi Party, for propaganda purposes. They would pass on their ideologies, usually political ones, and the audience would believe them without questioning. People were so passive that they would easily believe anything they would hear on the radio or read in a newspaper. Probably the most famous incident that proves this was the public pa nic that occurred in Los Angeles, when a radio broadcast of a science-fiction book called War of the Worlds was aired in 1938 (McCullagh, 2002). When people heard the broadcast they actually believed that a Martian invasion was happening and some of them tried to escape and save themselves. This incident is a great example of the Hypodermic Needle Theory that existed at the time. This theory parallelises the media as a needle that injects a message straight into the passive audience, which is immediately affected by it (Croteu, Hoynes,1997) and like drug-users lose their control and judgement once they are injected with drugs, so does the audience lose its critical judgement when injected with ideas and beliefs by the media (McCullagh, 2002). As the years passed by though and even more technological developments were invented, like film and television, researchers started to question the traditional effects research of the mass society. New studies and experiments on how the audience interprets media texts resulted to several researchers to conclude that the audience is not passive and vulnerable but instead is an active and differentiated audience consisted of groups or individuals and not masses. This new theory, the Active Audience theory concentrated on how audience interprets and makes meaning of media texts based on several factors, such as gender, age, social background, education, ideals, beliefs or family position (Williams, 2003, McCullagh, 2002). As McCullagh put it ‘media audiences are consisted of different individuals who turn to the media to gratify their needs’ (2002). Gradually new theories were developed that replaced the Hypodermic Needle theory and made it antiquated. Stuart Hall developed the Encoding/Decoding theory in 1973, with which he questioned the traditional effects theory and concentrated more on how ‘the content of media texts is encoded ideologically by the audience’ (Williams, 2003). He suggested that media producers encoded what appeared to be a ‘preferred meaning’ in media messages and then the audience was supposed to understand and decode it (Williams, 2003), thus making the relationship between media and audience more like a collaboration or an interplay. As it was obvious though a media text could not be decoded the same way by everyone, due to people’s differences in several aspects, so he concluded that there were three kinds of decoding a media message: the dominant, the negotiated and the oppositional (Williams, 2003, McCullagh, 2002, Deveraux, 2003). As Williams puts it ‘this model emphasises the interaction between the audience and texts as well as the social context within which such interaction happens ’ (2003). The development of the new theories, not surprisingly, led to debates between the active audience theorists and the traditional effects theorists. The new theory of Uses and Gratifications was an approach to understand how and why people use the media to satisfy certain needs (McCullagh, 2002). In comparison with the Hypodermic Needle theory, the Uses and Gratifications not only does not ignore people’s free will, personality and cultural background (The New Audience Research in Media Studies, http://www.le.ac.uk/oerresources/media/ms7500/mod1unit6/page_02.htm, 05/01/2015), it considers them to be active with the power to choose what media they consume. The audience ‘use programme content for purposes other than what might be predicted from their content’ (McCullagh, 2002), which leads to media producers or industries to compete with each other over who will offer the best way for the users’ needs to be gratified. In that way the audience is definitely not considered a passive one which completely accepts the media’s intended message, as the Hypodermic Needle theory suggested. Nevertheless, the debate between the active audience and the traditional effects theorists still goes on, with some of the researchers arguing that the new active audience approaches are ‘too behaviourist and functionalist’ (McQuail, 2010) and that their conclusions lead to an elimination of media power, which was considered essential for ‘shaping the knowledge, understandings and beliefs of the audience’ (Williams, 2003). Also, Kitzinger(1999) wondered whether the audience’s resistance on media messages, as a form of resistance to the status quo, should be praised, since that way people would also easily reject good messages provided by the media, such as safe sex advertisements or campaigns against violence. Even though audience is not considered a mass of ‘couch potatoes’ (Williams, 2003) anymore, whether we are aware of it or not, we all have some certain beliefs and ideals that have been somehow shaped by different types of media, such as the idea of the perfect body that is being advertised today by several model agencies or women magazines. But that does not mean that people do not have the intelligence to make decisions for themselves about what to believe (Williams, 2003). Despite the on-going criticism by the traditional effects theorists, the new audience researchers developed new methods of studying the audience, which focused more on the qualitative rather than the quantitative approach (Williams, 2003). These methods, referred to as the ethnographic turn in media studies, concentrated more on how people were involved with the media and the research was done mostly with participant observation techniques. Unlike the traditional effects research that used surveys o r questionnaires, researchers spent time with the people they were investigating observing their experiences with the media (Williams, 2003). However, there has been criticism on this approach too. Ruddock (2001), for example noted that ‘ethnography requires participants to make personal feelings public. As a result there is a considerable tendency towards self-censorship’, implying that the conclusions resulting from ethnographic research could not possibly present the real truth from the audiences’ perspective. He also questioned how the research questions could be generated in a way that they would respect the natural world of the audience and be appropriate with the field of study in general (Ruddock, 2001). Even though there are many theories that support each thesis, the debate between the traditional effects studies and the active audience theory has been intense and is still on-going (McCullagh, 2002, Williams, 2003). If we were to think about which conceptualisation would best represent today’s society and people, I would say that the active theories concerning this study, including the Uses and Gratifications and the Encoding/Decoding model, position the audience in an active place, where not only it is not exploited by the media, it can even have power over it. Media producers take people’s preferences into consideration so they can produce what would satisfy their audience more (Williams, 2003, McCullagh, 2002, Deveraux, 2003, McQuail, 2010). And since there are arguments that suppose that media takes over people’s lives thus making them ‘couch potatoes’ in another sense of the term (Williams, 2003) the rebuttal would be that nowadays the audienc e knows what it wants in a way that the different types of media work as e ‘menu’ for them to choose from, in order to satisfy their needs to escape their daily routines, educate themselves or even interact socially (Williams, 2003, McCullagh, 2002). Always based on their individual needs and preferences, which is closer to our modern and liberal society. To sum things up, it is now obvious that the study of the audience has been a big chapter in the book of media studies, with many scholars and academics finding themselves engaging with this study. That explains all the experiments, studies and research that have been conducted on the subject, since it concentrates on two different types of audience, which in relation to the media could easily shape the way our society would work. Whether the media would dominate over the audience or the other way around. Since the debate of the subject is still on-going and the opinions diverge, the answer of which model would be the best cannot be absolute. Maybe a combination of the two could function well in the future, but until then the active audience theory seems to be the one closest to our society’s standards nowadays.

Brian Mulroney tied Canada closer to the United States Essay

As the leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, he developed a close relationship with U.S President Ronald Regan; both men shared a similar conservative philosophy. As Canada’s Prime Minister, Mulroney sought closer ties with the United States, on issues such as trade policies and North American Aerospace Defence Command system (NORAD). During the Mulroney era, Canada saw drastic changes in economy and foreign policies; at the same time Canada gained closer ties with the United States during his time in office. Some of his notable actions during his time in office include the involvement of Canada in the SDI and NORAD during the Cold War; furthermore, Mulroney made Canada part of the Free Trade Agreement with the United States. It is evident that some of Brian Mulroney’s decisions during his time as Prime Minister are somewhat controversial; however, there is no denial that Mulroney had brought Canada to a closer cooperation with the United States, â€Å"becoming the first Prime Minister of Canada who did not see United States as a threat to Canadian nationhood.† One general concern for Canada during the election year of 1984 was that many Canadians wanted Mulroney to achieve harmony between Canada and United States. At the â€Å"Shamrock Summit† of 1985 in Quebec City, Mulroney and his wife Mila Mulroney joined U.S President Ronald Reagan in singing â€Å"When Irish Eyes are smiling.† It was meant to symbolize a new era of Canadian- American harmony after years of liberal prickliness. However, many Canadians were reticent with the direction Mulroney was leading this country, as many believed Mulroney was immensely pro-American. Back in  1973, the government under the control of Pierre Trudeau had formed the Foreign Investment Review Agency (FIRA); its purpose was to block any foreign investment seemed not to be in Canada’s interest. As Mulroney came to office in 1985, he dismantled the FIRA and replaced it with Investment Canada, a new system which he believed would encourage suitable foreign investment. FIRA was criticized by those who concerned about American economic influence, since it almost approved every application it received. At the time, in some industries, such as the petroleum and rubber products industries, foreign control exceeded ninety per cent. Over three-fourths of this control was held by United Sates investors.6 These new and old policies brought better and higher rate of business income between Canada and the United Sates, which resulted in closer ties between the two countries. In 1987, Mulroney opened up negotiations that would eventually lead to the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between Canada and United States. The FTA was signed on October 4th, 1987 in hopes of improving trade transactions between the two countries (see fig2). Fig. 2. President Ronald Reagan (left) signing the FTA with Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney (right)7 In the FTA, all tariffs on goods crossing the border were removed, and at the same time, opened Canada to U.S investment and vice versa. As suspected, the free trade issue was highly controversial among Canadians. Some Canadian businesses could not compete against U.S corporations, for these corporations were able to flood the Canadian market with cheap goods and services, resulting in the loss of hundreds of thousands of jobs in Canada. However, there was no denial that by eliminating tariffs, Canada would attract more U.S. investment. This helped Canadian industry grow and benefit the whole economy. Furthermore, free trade also allowed access to the larger U.S market, which would increase Canada’s productivity and growth. During the cold war era, In order to defend North America against possible enemy attacks, Canada agreed to join the NORAD system, a joint air-defence system that would overlook soviet bombers in case of long distance attacks. On 19 March 1986, Mulroney and Regan sign the NORAD renewal agreement (see fig3); Fig. 3. Brian Mulroney (left) discussing the agreement with Michael Wilson (right) in the PM’s office in 19858 it officially became effective on 12 may 1986. This is not only a sign of military cooperation, but at the same time it shows Canada’s commitment in supporting Unites States during the Cold War. As Canada slowing became more involved during the cold war, this was sign that Canada had slowly risen up in terms of political and military stability on an international level.9 Furthermore Mulroney and successfully pulled in United States as one of Canada’s ally years to come; Mulroney not only connect Canada and U.S through controls of economy, but his wartime actions had also proved this close tie Canada and U.S had gained during Mulroney’s time in office. In retrospect, it is indisputable Mulroney’s time as the Prime Minister of Canada had linked Canada and Untied States as close ally for generations to come. Connecting the two countries through reformation of economy and involvement in the Cold War; it is clear, despite the fact Canadians believed Mulroney was pro-American, the undeniable fact that he’s policies regarding the economy of Canada not only brought greater transaction between the two countries, at the same time it brought hundreds of thousands of people out of unemployment.10 Furthermore, his signing of multiple agreements such as the NORAD agreements during the cold war with U.S brought military cooperation between two nations brought new heights in collegial ties. As an respected international figure, one probably more at ease abroad than at home, his government’s policies and prospects were the cornerstones of Canada and United States close ties in 1980s, his actions brought close international rel ationship between the two nations for years to come. Works Cited 7th Floor Media. â€Å"The Prime Ministers of Canada – Brian Mulroney Issues.† The Prime Ministers of Canada – Brian Mulroney Issues. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 July 2014. . Badeaux, Guy , Mike Duffy, and Charles Gordon. Portfoolio ’88: the year in Canadian caricature. MontreÃŒ al: Eden Press, 1988. Print. Bothwell, Robert, Ian M. Drummond, and John English. Canada since 1945: power, politics, and provincialism. Rev. ed. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989. Print. Brennan, Richard. â€Å"Good U.S. relations worth ‘weight in gold,’ Mulroney says | Toronto Star.† thestar.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 July 2014.